Imashini zishonga
Nkukora uruganda rwo gushonga induction, Hasung itanga itanura ryinshi ryinganda zo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwa zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, platine, palladium, rhodium, ibyuma nibindi byuma.
Ubwoko bwa desktop ya mini induction gushonga itanura ryagenewe uruganda ruto rwimitako, amahugurwa cyangwa DIY urugo rukoresha intego.Urashobora gukoresha ubwoko bwa quartz bwombi buboneka cyangwa igishushanyo kiboneka muriyi mashini.Ingano nto ariko ikomeye.
Urukurikirane rwa MU dutanga imashini zo gushonga kubintu byinshi bitandukanye kandi hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye (zahabu) kuva 1kg kugeza 8kg.Ibikoresho bishongeshejwe mumigozi ifunguye hanyuma bisukwa n'intoki mubibumbano.Amatanura yo gushonga akwiranye no gushonga zahabu na feza hamwe na aluminium, umuringa, umuringa aso Bitewe na generator ikomeye ya induction igera kuri kilowati 15 hamwe ninshuro nkeya yo kwinjiza ibintu bitera imbaraga nibyiza.Hamwe na 8KW, urashobora gushonga platine, ibyuma, palladium, zahabu, ifeza, nibindi byose muri 1kg ceramic yabumbabumbwe uhindura umusaraba muburyo butaziguye.Ukoresheje ingufu za 15KW, urashobora gushonga 2kg cyangwa 3kg Pt, Pd, SS, Au, Ag, Cu, nibindi muri 2kg cyangwa 3kg ceramic yabigenewe itaziguye.
Igice cya TF / MDQ cyo gushonga hamwe ningirakamaro birashobora kugororwa no gufungwa mumwanya wumukoresha kumpande nyinshi kugirango yuzuze neza.Bene ibyo "gusuka byoroshye" nabyo birinda kwangirika kwingenzi.Gusuka birakomeje kandi buhoro buhoro, ukoresheje pivot lever.Umukoresha ahatirwa guhagarara kuruhande rwimashini - kure y’akaga k’isuka.Numutekano muke kubakoresha.Inzira zose zo kuzunguruka, gufata, umwanya wo gufata ibumba byose bikozwe mubyuma 304 bidafite ingese.
Urukurikirane rwa HVQ ni itanura ryihariye rya vacuum rigabanya ibyuma byubushyuhe bwo hejuru bishonga nkibyuma, zahabu, ifeza, rhodium, platine-rhodium alloy hamwe nandi mavuta.Impamyabumenyi ya Vacuum irashobora gukurikiza ibyifuzo byabakiriya.
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Amashanyarazi ya platine yo gushonga 1kg 2kg 3kg 4kg Hasung
Ibikoresho Intangiriro:
Iki gikoresho gikoresha ubuziranenge bwo mu Budage IGBT module yo gushyushya modules, zifite umutekano kandi zoroshye.Kwinjiza mu buryo butaziguye ibyuma bigabanya igihombo.Bikwiranye no gushonga ibyuma nka zahabu na platine.Hasung yigenga kandi yateje imbere sisitemu yo gushyushya hamwe nibikorwa byizewe byo kurinda bituma imashini yose ihagarara neza kandi iramba.
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Tilting Induction Gushonga Itanura rya Zahabu Platinum Palladium Rhodium 1kg 5kg 8kg 10kg
Igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yo gushonga ishingiye kubikenewe byumushinga nibikorwa, ukoresheje tekinoroji igezweho.Umutekano wishingiwe.
1. Kwemeza tekinoroji yo gushyushya Ubudage bwihuse cyane, gukurikirana ibyuma byikora hamwe nubuhanga bwinshi bwo kurinda, bushobora gushonga ibyuma mugihe gito, bikabika ingufu kandi bigakora neza.
2. Ukoresheje electromagnetic stirring function, nta gutandukanya ibara.
3. Ifata Mistake Proofing (anti-fool) sisitemu yo kugenzura byikora, byoroshye gukoresha.
4. Ukoresheje sisitemu yo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa PID, ubushyuhe burarenze (± 1 ° C) (bidashoboka).
5. Ibikoresho byo gushonga HS-TFQ byatejwe imbere kandi bigakorwa hamwe nibikoresho bya tekiniki bigezweho byo gushonga no guta zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, nibindi.
Urukurikirane rwa HS-MDQ (HS-TFQ) rwagenewe gushonga platine, palladium, Rhodium, zahabu, ifeza, umuringa nandi mavuta.
6. Ibi bikoresho bikoresha ibicuruzwa byinshi bizwi mumahanga.
7. Ikomeza gushyuha mugihe usuka ibyuma byamazi kuri conditioin nini ituma abayikoresha babona casting nziza.
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Vacuum Induction Gushonga Itanura (VIM) FIM / FPt (Platinum, Paldium Rhodium na Alloys)
FIM / FPt ni itanura rya vacuum ryo gushonga platine, palladium, rhodium, ibyuma, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nuburyo bwo kugoreka.
Irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ibone gushonga neza kwa platine na palladium ivanze nta gaze irimo.
Irashobora gushonga kuva byibuze 500g kugeza kuri 10kg ya platine muminota.
Igice cyo gushonga kigizwe n'amazi akonjeshejwe n'amazi adafite ibyuma aho ikariso izunguruka cyane hamwe na ingot yo gushiramo.
Icyiciro cyo gushonga, homogenisation hamwe na casting icyiciro gishobora kubera munsi yumwanya cyangwa mukirere gikingira.
Itanura ryuzuye hamwe na:
- Icyiciro cya kabiri kizunguruka vane vacuum pompe mu bwogero bwamavuta;
- Umuvuduko ukabije wibikoresho bya sensor;
- Pyrometero nziza yo kugenzura ubushyuhe;
- Byinshi byukuri bya digitale ya vacuum ihindura gusoma gusoma + Kwerekana.
Ibyiza
- Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushonga
- Sisitemu / Sisitemu yo kugorora
- Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru
Ikoranabuhanga rya HasungUbushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa Vacuum Induction Gushonga Itanura Ikigereranyo cya Vacuum Gushonga Itanura
Ibiranga ibicuruzwa
1. Umuvuduko wihuse, ubushyuhe burashobora kugera hejuru ya 2200 ℃
2. Hamwe nimikorere yo gukanika, ibikoresho bizunguruka cyane
3. Bifite ibikoresho byo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa porogaramu, shiraho umurongo wo gushyushya cyangwa gukonjesha ukurikije ibyifuzo byawe, ibikoresho bizahita bishyuha cyangwa bikonje ukurikije iki gikorwa
4. Hamwe nigikoresho gisuka, icyitegererezo cyashongeshejwe gishobora gusukwa mububiko bwateguwe, kandi imiterere yicyitegererezo ushaka irashobora gusukwa.
5. Irashobora gushonga mubihe bitandukanye byikirere: gushonga mukirere, ikirere gikingira hamwe nikirere kinini, kugura ibikoresho bimwe, kumenya imirimo itandukanye;bika ikiguzi cyawe kurwego runaka.
6. Hamwe na sisitemu yo kugaburira kabiri: Irashobora kumenya kongeramo ibindi bintu mugihe cyo gushonga, bikworohera gutegura ingero zitandukanye
7. Umubiri w'itanura ni ibyuma byose bidafite ingese hamwe no gukonjesha amazi kugirango umenye neza ko ubushyuhe bwikibabi buri munsi ya 35 ° C kugirango urinde umutekano wawe bwite
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Imashini yo gushonga Kuzunguruka Kumashanyarazi Zahabu Ifeza 2kg 5kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 15kg
Igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu yo gushonga ishingiye kubikenewe byumushinga nibikorwa, ukoresheje tekinoroji igezweho.Umutekano wishingiwe.
1. Kwemeza tekinoroji yo gushyushya Ubudage bwihuse cyane, gukurikirana ibyuma byikora hamwe nubuhanga bwinshi bwo kurinda, bushobora gushonga ibyuma mugihe gito, bikabika ingufu kandi bigakora neza.
2. Ukoresheje electromagnetic stirring function, nta gutandukanya ibara.
3. Ifata Mistake Proofing (anti-fool) sisitemu yo kugenzura byikora, byoroshye gukoresha.
4. Ukoresheje sisitemu yo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa PID, ubushyuhe burarenze (± 1 ° C) (bidashoboka).
5. Ibikoresho byo gushonga HS-TF byatejwe imbere byigenga kandi bikozwe hamwe nibicuruzwa bya tekiniki bigezweho byo gushonga no guta zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, nibindi.
Urukurikirane rwa HS-MDQ rwagenewe gushonga platine, palladium, Rhodium, zahabu, ifeza, umuringa nandi mavuta.
6. Ibi bikoresho bikoresha ibicuruzwa byinshi bizwi mumahanga.
7. Ikomeza gushyuha mugihe usuka ibyuma byamazi kuri conditioin nini ituma abayikoresha babona casting nziza.
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Amashanyarazi ya Oven Induction Yihuta Gushonga 20kg 30kg 50kg 100kg Intoki Zigoramye Zahabu yo gushonga
Gushonga Amashyiga yo gushonga ibyuma byinshi mubyuma cyangwa ibimasa.
Izi mashini zagenewe gushonga byinshi, urugero muruganda rutunganya zahabu kugirango rushobore gushonga 50 kg cyangwa 100kg kuri buri cyiciro.
Hasung TF ikurikirana - yagerageje kandi igeragezwa mubishingwe no mumatsinda meza yo gutunganya ibyuma.Amatanura yacu yo gushonga akoreshwa cyane mubice bibiri:
1. kubwo gushonga ibyuma byinshi nka zahabu, ifeza cyangwa inganda zikora inganda nko guta ibiceri, 15KW, 30KW, hamwe nibisohoka 60KW ntarengwa hamwe no guhuza imirongo mike bivuze gushonga byihuse bishimira ibisubizo byiza biva mubushinwa - ndetse no mubunini bunini - kandi byiza cyane binyuze-kuvanga.
2. yo guta ibice binini, biremereye nyuma yo guterera mu zindi nganda.
Amatanura yoroheje kandi ahenze cyane yo gutanura kuva TF1 kugeza TF12 akoreshwa mubikorwa byimitako no mububiko bwibyuma byagaciro, nibintu bishya rwose.Bafite ibikoresho bishya byongera ingufu za induction bigera aho bishonga byihuse kandi byemeza kuvanga neza no guhuza ibitsina byashongeshejwe.Moderi ya TF20 kugeza TF100, Ukurikije icyitegererezo, ubushobozi buva mubunini bwingana na 20kg kugeza 100kg kuri zahabu, cyane cyane kumasosiyete akora amabuye y'agaciro.
Amatanura ya MDQ agana itanura ryakozwe kuri platine na zahabu, ibyuma byose nka platine, palladium, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, ibivanze nibindi, bishobora gushonga mumashini imwe muguhindura umusaraba gusa.
Ubu bwoko bw'itanura ni bwiza bwo gushonga kwa platine, bityo iyo usutse, imashini ikomeza gushyuha kugeza urangije gusuka, hanyuma usuke uhagarike mu buryo bwikora iyo birangiye.
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Induction Gushonga Itanura rya Zahabu Platinum Ifeza Umuringa Rhodium Palladium
Sisitemu yo gushonga ya MU ishingiye kubikenewe nyabyo byo gushonga imitako hamwe nibyuma byagaciro byo gutunganya intego.
1. Ibice byo gushonga HS-MU byatejwe imbere byigenga kandi bikozwe hamwe nibikoresho bya tekiniki bigezweho byo gushonga no guta zahabu, ifeza, umuringa nibindi bivangwa.
2. Itanura rya HS-MUQ rifite moteri imwe yo gushyushya ariko ikoreshwa inshuro ebyiri mu gushonga no guta platine, palladium, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, zahabu, ifeza, umuringa nandi mavuta, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhindura umusaraba gusa.Biroroshye kandi byoroshye.
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Mini Induction Gushonga Itanura rya Zahabu Platinum Ifeza
Ibiro bya mini induction yo gushonga itanura, ubushobozi kuva 1kg-3kg, bifata iminota 1-2 yo gushonga icyiciro kimwe cyicyuma.Iza muburyo bworoshye kandi irashobora kuba amasaha 24 idahwema gukora.Na none, itanura ryicyuma ryangiza ibidukikije cyane, rikoresha ingufu za 5KW hamwe na 220V icyiciro kimwe kibika ingufu nyinshi kugirango zitange ibisubizo wifuza.
Birasabwa cyane uruganda ruto rwimitako cyangwa amahugurwa yimitako, gukora neza kandi igihe kirekire ukoresheje.Nubwo ari igikoresho gito, cyuzuza akazi gakomeye kubakoresha.
Kumashini yubushobozi bwa 1kg, urashobora gushonga platine cyangwa ibyuma bidafite ingese ukoresheje ceramic crucible.Mugihe bikenewe gushonga vuba kuri platine cyangwa rhodium niyi mashini nto, birasabwa guhindura igiceri gito cyo gushyushya gifite garama 500 zifite imbaraga zikomeye, platine cyangwa rhodium zishobora gushonga byoroshye muminota 1-2.
Kubushobozi bwa 2kg, 3kg, bishonga gusa zahabu, ifeza, umuringa, nibindi
Igikoresho cyo kugenzura ubushyuhe nicyifuzo kuriyi mashini.
Ikibazo: Kwinjiza amashanyarazi ni iki?
Induction ya Electromagnetic yavumbuwe na Michael Faraday mu 1831, maze James Clerk Maxwell mu mibare asobanura ko ari itegeko rya Faraday ryo kwinjiza. Induction ya Electromagnetic ni umuyoboro wakozwe kubera ingufu za voltage (ingufu za electromotive) kubera umurima wa magneti uhinduka.Ibi bibaho iyo umuyobozi. ishyirwa mumashanyarazi yimuka (mugihe ukoresheje AC power source) cyangwa mugihe umuyobozi uhora yimuka mumashanyarazi ahagarara.Nkuko byashyizwe ahagaragara, Michael Faraday yateguye insinga ikora ku gikoresho cyo gupima ingufu z'umuzunguruko.Iyo rukuruzi ya bar yimuwe binyuze muri coiling, icyuma gipima voltage gipima voltage mumuzunguruko.Mu bushakashatsi bwe, yavumbuye ko hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigira ingaruka kumusaruro wa voltage.Ni:
Umubare wa Coil: Umuvuduko uterwa ningaruka zingana numubare wimpinduka / ibishishwa byinsinga.Umubare munini wimpinduka, nini ni voltage yakozwe
Guhindura Magnetique Umwanya: Guhindura magnetique bigira ingaruka kumashanyarazi.Ibi birashobora gukorwa haba kwimura umurima wa magneti uzenguruka umuyobozi cyangwa kwimura umuyobozi mumashanyarazi.
Urashobora kandi gushaka kugenzura ibi bitekerezo bijyanye no kwinjiza:
Kwinjiza - Kwishyira ukizana no Kwishyira hamwe
Amashanyarazi
Inzira ya Magnetique.
Ikibazo: Gushyushya induction ni iki?
Induction Yibanze itangirana na coil yibikoresho (urugero, umuringa).Mugihe umuyaga unyura muri coil, hashyirwaho umurima wa rukuruzi muri nole.Ubushobozi bwumurima wa magnetiki wo gukora akazi biterwa nigishushanyo mbonera kimwe nubunini bwumuyaga unyura muri coil.
Icyerekezo cyumurima wa magnetiki giterwa nicyerekezo cyumuvuduko wubu, bityo guhinduranya amashanyarazi binyuze muri coil
bizavamo magnetiki yumurima uhinduka mubyerekezo ku kigero kimwe ninshuro zigenda zisimburana.60Hz ya AC AC izatera umurima wa magneti guhindura icyerekezo inshuro 60 kumasegonda.Umuyoboro wa 400kHz AC uzatera umurima wa magneti guhinduka inshuro 400.000 kumasegonda.Iyo ibikoresho bitwara, igice cyakazi, bishyizwe mumashanyarazi ahinduka (urugero, umurima wakozwe na AC), voltage izaterwa mubice byakazi (Amategeko ya Faraday).Umuvuduko ukabije uzavamo umuvuduko wa electron: ikigezweho!Umuyoboro unyura mubice byakazi bizagenda muburyo bunyuranye nkibiri muri coil.Ibi bivuze ko dushobora kugenzura inshuro zubu mugice cyakazi mugucunga inshuro zubu muri
coil.Nkuko ikigezweho kinyuze hagati, hazabaho kunanira kugenda kwa electron.Iyi myigaragambyo yerekana nkubushyuhe (Ingaruka yo gushyushya Joule).Ibikoresho birwanya cyane imigendekere ya electron bizatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi nkuko umuyaga ubinyuramo, ariko birashoboka rwose gushyushya ibikoresho bitwara cyane (urugero, umuringa) ukoresheje umuyaga uterwa.Iyi phenomenon ningirakamaro mubushuhe bwa inductive.Ni iki dukeneye cyo gushyushya Induction? Ibi byose bitubwira ko dukeneye ibintu bibiri byibanze kugirango ubushyuhe bwa induction bube:
Guhindura rukuruzi
Ibikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi byashyizwe mumashanyarazi
Nigute Gushyushya Induction bigereranya nubundi buryo bwo gushyushya?
Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo gushyushya ikintu nta induction.Bimwe mubikorwa bisanzwe byinganda zirimo itanura rya gaze, itanura ryamashanyarazi, nubwiherero bwumunyu.Ubu buryo bwose bushingira ku guhererekanya ubushyuhe kubicuruzwa biva mu bushyuhe (gutwika, gushyushya ibintu, umunyu wamazi) binyuze muri convection hamwe nimirasire.Iyo ubuso bwibicuruzwa bumaze gushyuha, ubushyuhe bwoherezwa mubicuruzwa hamwe nu mashanyarazi.
Ibicuruzwa bishyushye byinjira ntabwo bishingiye kuri convection hamwe nimirasire kugirango itange ubushyuhe hejuru yibicuruzwa.Ahubwo, ubushyuhe butangwa hejuru yibicuruzwa bitembera neza.Ubushyuhe buva mubicuruzwa noneho bwimurirwa mubicuruzwa hamwe no gutwara ubushyuhe.
Ubujyakuzimu ubushyuhe butangwa hakoreshejwe itumanaho ryatewe biterwa nikintu cyitwa ubujyakuzimu bw'amashanyarazi. Ubujyakuzimu bw'amashanyarazi buterwa cyane ninshuro zumurongo uhinduranya unyura mubice byakazi.Umuvuduko mwinshi wumurongo uzavamo ubujyakuzimu bwamashanyarazi nuburebure bwumurongo muto bizavamo ubujyakuzimu bwamashanyarazi.Ubujyakuzimu nabwo bushingiye kumashanyarazi na magnetiki yibice byakazi.
Amashanyarazi Ubujyakuzimu bwa Frequency High and Low FrequencyInductotherm Itsinda ryitsinda ryifashisha ibi bintu byumubiri nu mashanyarazi kugirango bihindure ibisubizo bishyushya kubicuruzwa nibisabwa.Kugenzura neza imbaraga, inshuro, hamwe na coil geometrie yemerera ibigo bya Groupe Inductotherm gushushanya ibikoresho bifite urwego rwo hejuru rwo kugenzura no kwizerwa hatitawe kubisabwa.
Kubikorwa byinshi gushonga nintambwe yambere mugukora ibicuruzwa byingirakamaro;gushonga induction birihuta kandi neza.Muguhindura geometrie ya coil induction, itanura yo gushonga irashobora gufata amafaranga aringaniye kuva mubunini bwa kawa kugeza kuri toni amagana yicyuma gishongeshejwe.Byongeye kandi, muguhindura inshuro nimbaraga, ibigo bya Inductotherm Group birashobora gutunganya ibyuma byose nibikoresho birimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa: ibyuma, ibyuma nibyuma bidafite ingese, umuringa numuringa ushingiye kumuringa, aluminium na silikoni.Ibikoresho byo kwinjiza byateguwe kuri buri porogaramu kugirango irebe ko ikora neza bishoboka. Inyungu nyamukuru irangwa no gushonga kwa induction ni ugukangura.Mu itanura rya induction, ibikoresho byuma byuma byashongeshejwe cyangwa bigashyuha numuyoboro ukomoka kumashanyarazi.Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe, uyu murima nawo utera ubwogero kugenda.Ibi byitwa inductive stirring.Uku kugenda guhoraho mubisanzwe kuvanga ubwogero butanga byinshi bivanze kandi bigafasha hamwe.Ingano yo gukurura igenwa nubunini bwitanura, imbaraga zashyizwe mubyuma, inshuro yumurima wa electromagnetic nubwoko
kubara ibyuma mu itanura.Ingano yo gukurura inductive mu itanura iryo ariryo ryose irashobora gukoreshwa mubisabwa bidasanzwe iyo bibaye ngombwa.Induction Vacuum MeltingKubera ko gushyushya induction bikorwa hakoreshejwe umurima wa magneti, igice cyakazi (cyangwa umutwaro) gishobora gutandukanywa kumubiri na coil ya induction hamwe no kwanga cyangwa ibindi bimwe. uburyo butayobora.Umwanya wa magneti uzanyura muri ibi bikoresho kugirango utere imbaraga mumitwaro irimo.Ibi bivuze ko umutwaro cyangwa igice cyakazi gishobora gushyuha munsi yumwanya cyangwa mukirere cyitondewe.Ibi bifasha gutunganya ibyuma bitagaragara (Ti, Al), ibinyobwa bidasanzwe, silikoni, grafite, nibindi bikoresho byoroshye bitwara.Ubushyuhe bwo KwinjizaNtabwo buryo bumwe bwo gutwika, gushyushya induction birashobora kugenzurwa neza hatitawe ku bunini bw'icyiciro.
Guhindura ibyagezweho, voltage, hamwe ninshuro binyuze muri coil induction bivamo gushyushya neza neza, gushyirwa mubikorwa neza nko gukomera, gukomera no gushyuha, annealing nubundi buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.Urwego rwohejuru rwibisobanuro ningirakamaro mubikorwa byingenzi nkibinyabiziga, icyogajuru, fibre optique, guhuza amasasu, gukomera insinga hamwe nubushyuhe bwinsinga.Gushyushya induction bikwiranye nuburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha ibyuma birimo titanium, ibyuma byagaciro, hamwe nibintu byateye imbere.Igenzura ryukuri ryo gushyushya riboneka hamwe na induction ntagereranywa.Byongeye kandi, ukoresheje uburyo bumwe bwo gushyushya ibintu nka vacuum crucible progaramu yo gushyushya, gushyushya induction birashobora gutwarwa nikirere kugirango bikomeze.Kurugero rwiza rwa annealing yicyuma kitagira umuyonga na pipe.
Kuzenguruka inshuro nyinshi
Iyo induction itanzwe ukoresheje High Frequency (HF) ikigezweho, ndetse no gusudira birashoboka.Muri iyi porogaramu ubujyakuzimu bw'amashanyarazi bwimbitse bushobora kugerwaho hamwe na HF igezweho.Muri iki gihe, igice cyicyuma gikozwe muburyo budasubirwaho, hanyuma kikanyura mumurongo wimashini ikozwe neza, intego yacyo yonyine ni uguhatira impande zombi zakozwe hamwe no gukora weld.Mbere yuko umurongo wakozwe ugera kumurongo wizingo, unyura muri coil induction.Muri iki gihe, imigezi iratemba kuri geometrike “vee” yakozwe nu mpande zombi aho kuba hafi yumuyoboro wakozwe.Mugihe imigezi itemba kumpande zumurongo, bazashyuha kugeza ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gusudira (munsi yubushyuhe bwibintu).Iyo impande zikandagiye hamwe, imyanda yose, oxyde, nibindi byanduye bihatirwa kuvamo leta ikomeye yo gusudira.
Kazoza Hamwe nigihe kizaza cyibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane, ingufu zindi hamwe no gukenera guha imbaraga ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ubushobozi budasanzwe bwa induction butanga injeniyeri n'abashushanya ejo hazaza uburyo bwihuse, bunoze, kandi busobanutse bwo gushyushya.
