Amakuru

Mu nganda z'amabuye y'agaciro zihanganye cyane, udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibintu byabaye urufunguzo rwo gutsinda ibigo.Imashini zikora imashini zihora zicukurabuhoro buhoro byagiye biba "ibikunzwe" n'ibigo by'ibyuma by'agaciro bitewe n'inyungu zabyo zidasanzwe. Ubu buryo bwo gukomeza gusuka amazi y'icyuma mu bushyuhe bwinshi mu bipimo byihariye by'ibicuruzwa bitanga inyungu zikomeye ku bigo kuva ku musaruro mwiza kugeza ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Hanyuma, tuzasuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse impamvu bikundwa cyane.

1. Gutanga umusaruro ufatika, gukoresha amahirwe yo ku isoko

(1) Umusaruro uhoraho ugabanya cyane igihe cy'uruziga

Imashini ikora imashini ikora ikoresheje uburyo bwo gucukura ibumba yagabanyije uburyo gakondo bwo gukora ibumba, inakora ibumba rikoresheje icyuma gishongeshejwe. Gucukura ibumba rikoresha uburyo butandukanye nko gusukura ibumba, gushyushya, gucukura no gukuramo ibumba nyuma yo kurangiza buri itanura, ibyo bikaba bifata igihe kirekire kandi bigatuma ibikoresho bimara igihe kirekire bidakora.

Kandi imashini ikora zahabu ihoraho ishobora gukora buri gihe. Dufashe urugero rw'ikigo kizwi cyane gikora zahabu, nyuma yo gutangiza imashini ikora zahabu ihoraho, ukwezi kwayo ko gukora billet kwagabanijwe kuva ku masaha 8 kuri buri gice kugera ku masaha 3, kandi umusaruro wongerwaho inshuro zirenga 1.5. Ubu buryo bwo gukora neza butuma ibigo bisubiza ibyifuzo by'isoko vuba kandi bigafata iya mbere mu kuzamura ibicuruzwa ku isoko ku isoko rihora rihindagurika cyane mu biciro by'ibyuma by'agaciro, bityo bikabona inyungu mu irushanwa.

(2) Umusaruro mwinshi w'icyuma ugabanya ikiguzi

Amabuye y'agaciro arahenze, kandi n'igihombo gito gishobora gutera kwiyongera gukomeye kw'ibiciro. Mu gihe cyo gukora imashini icukura ikoresheje uburyo buhoraho, icyuma gishongeshejwe kibaho mu buryo butaziguye, bigabanura cyane igihombo cy'icyuma giterwa n'ibisigazwa by'icyuma, gukata icyuma gisunika, n'ibindi.

Amakuru agaragaza ko ugereranije n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gucukura, umusaruro w’ibyuma by’imashini zicukura zihoraho muri rusange ushobora kwiyongeraho 12% -15%. Dufashe urugero rw’umusaruro wa platine, ikigo gifite umusaruro wa toni 5 za platine ku mwaka gishobora gukora ibiro bigera kuri 600-750 bya platine buri mwaka binyuze mu gukoresha imashini zicukura zihoraho. Iyo platine ikoreshejwe ku giciro cyo ku isoko, ishobora kongera inyungu ku mamiliyoni cyangwa ndetse na miliyoni mirongo z’amayuani ku mwaka, bikagabanya neza ikiguzi cy’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa binini no kunoza inyungu z’ikigo.

2. Kugenzura neza kugira ngo harebwe ko ibicuruzwa bifite ireme

(1) Kugenzura neza inzira yo gukonjesha

Imashini ikora icukura igenzura neza inzira yo gukonjesha icyuma gishongeshejwe binyuze mu guhindura neza ibipimo nko gukonjesha kwa crystallizer, umuvuduko wo gucukura, n'ikwirakwizwa ry'amazi mu gace gakonjesha. Dufashe urugero rw'umusaruro w'ifeza, iyo umuvuduko wo gukonjesha wa crystallizer uhinduwe kugira ngo wihutishe, ingano y'ingano y'icyuma gicukura irushaho kuba nziza kandi ikagira ingano imwe. Nyuma yo gupimwa, imbaraga zayo ziyongeraho hafi 20% kandi gukomera kwazongerwaho 15%, binongera cyane imikorere yo gutunganya nyuma.

Ubu bushobozi bwo kugenzura neza bushobora guhaza ibyifuzo bitandukanye by’abakiriya batandukanye ku mikorere y’ibicuruzwa, bigatuma ibicuruzwa by’icyuma cy’agaciro bikorerwa n’ibigo birushaho guhatana mu bwiza.

(2) Kugabanya inenge z'imbere no kunoza igipimo cy'umusaruro

Mu gihe cyo gucukura gihoraho, igitambaro cy’imbere gishyirwaho mu buryo buhamye bwo gukonja, kandi inzira yo gucukura ikoreshwa imbaraga zimwe, hirindwa neza ko imbere hacikamo ibice, kurekurana n’izindi nenge ziterwa n’imbaraga zikomeye zo hanze mu gucukura ibimera bisanzwe.

Hari ikigo kimwe cy’itsinda rya platine cyakoze igerageza ryo kugereranya, maze gisanga iyo hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo gukata ibumba, igipimo cy’ubusembwa bw’imbere mu gikoresho cyo gukata cyari hejuru ya 8%, ariko nyuma yo guhindura imashini zikora ibumba, igipimo cy’ubusembwa cyaragabanutse kigera munsi ya 1%. Imashini zikora ibumba nziza zashyizeho urufatiro rukomeye rwo gutunganya nyuma, zongera umusaruro kuva kuri 85% ukagera hejuru ya 95%, birushaho kwemeza inyungu z’ubukungu bw’ikigo.

3. Guhindura imiterere y'ibintu mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe bitandukanye

(1) Gukora imiterere n'ingano bitandukanye by'ibice bitandukanye

Ubushobozi bukomeye bw'imashini zikora zikomeza gucukura bugaragarira mu bushobozi bwazo bwo gucukura ibice by'inyuma bifite imiterere n'ingano bitandukanye. Byaba ari ibikoresho bisanzwe bikora nk'uruziga, kare, cyangwa isahani, cyangwa ibikoresho byihariye bikora nk'imashini zikora mu bice byihariye, byose bishobora kugerwaho byoroshye.

Mu nganda z'imitako, ibigo bishobora gukora insinga zizengurutse zifite uburebure butandukanye binyuze mu guhindura imashini icukura ikoresheje icyuma gikonjesha gikurikije ibisabwa mu gishushanyo; Mu rwego rw'inganda z'ikoranabuhanga, birashoboka kandi gushushanya impapuro z'agaciro z'icyuma zifite ubugari n'ubugari bwihariye kugira ngo zihuze n'ibyo inganda zitandukanye n'abakiriya bakeneye, bigafasha ibigo kwagura urwego rw'ubucuruzi bwabyo.

(2) Ikoreshwa cyane ku mabuye y'agaciro atandukanye

Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura rihoraho rifite akamaro kanini ku byuma by'agaciro bitandukanye nka zahabu, ifeza, platine, paladium, nibindi. Imiterere y'ibintu n'imiti by'ibyuma by'agaciro bitandukanye iratandukanye cyane, urugero, platine ifite aho ishongera kugeza kuri 1772 ℃, mu gihe ifeza ifite aho ishongera ya 961.78 ℃ gusa, kandi ubushobozi bwo gutembera kwabyo nabwo buratandukanye.

Imashini icukura ikoresheje uburyo buhoraho ikora neza ibipimo by'imikorere, nko kongera ubukonje n'umuvuduko w'icyuma gicukura platine, guhindura ibikoresho bya crystallizer no gutunganya ubuso bwa feza, kugira ngo ibikoresho bimwe bihuze n'umusaruro w'amabuye y'agaciro menshi. Ibi ntibinoza gusa ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho, ahubwo binarinda ishoramari rinini ry'ibigo mu kugura ibikoresho byinshi byo gukora amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora.

4. Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga dutuma habaho iterambere rirambye

(1) Ikoranabuhanga n'ubutasi biha imbaraga umusaruro

Sisitemu yo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga n'ubuhanga ikoresha imashini zigezweho zikora zikoresheje uburyo bwo gucukura burambye yabaye "ubwonko bw'ubwenge" bw'igikorwa cyo gukora. Ibyuma bitandukanye bipima ibipimo by'ingenzi nk'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe, uburebure bw'amazi, n'umuvuduko wo gukurura billet mu gihe nyacyo, kandi bigahita byohereza amakuru kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura.

Sisitemu ihindura mu buryo bwikora ibipimo by'imikorere y'ibikoresho hashingiwe kuri gahunda na algorithms byateguwe mbere kugira ngo habeho uburyo buhamye kandi bunoze bwo gukora. Mu ruganda runaka rukora zahabu, gushyiraho sisitemu z'ubwenge zo kugenzura byazamuye ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya 30% kandi bigabanya impanuka z'umusaruro ziterwa n'amakosa y'imikorere y'abantu ku kigero cya 80%. Muri icyo gihe, sisitemu ishobora kandi gutanga isuzuma ry'amakosa mu gihe nyacyo no kuburira ibikoresho, gutegura isuku mbere y'igihe, kongera igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubisana.

(2) Imikorere mishya n'ibikoresho bishya bizana amahirwe mashya

Abashakashatsi bahora bashakisha kandi bateza imbere uburyo bushya bwo gucukura buhoraho n'ibikoresho, bashyira imbaraga nshya mu gukora ibyuma by'agaciro. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura rihoraho rituma gukora ibyuma by'agaciro birushaho kuba byiza kandi bikagabanya ingufu.

Gutunganya amasahani magufi bisanzwe bisaba inzira nyinshi zo gusimbuka, mu gihe gusimbuka kw'amasahani magufi bishobora gutanga uduce duto two gusimbuka, bikagabanya inzira zo gusimbuka no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora ku kigero cya 15% -20%. Ibikoresho bishya nk'imashini zisimbuka zigenda zikora nabyo bihora bitera imbere kandi bitera imbere, biha amasosiyete y'ibyuma by'agaciro amahitamo menshi mu ikoranabuhanga kandi bigatera inganda kugera ku iterambere ryiza.